DISEASES : Legionellosis

Legionellosis is an acute infection which is caused by a bacterium, Legionella pneumophila. The disease has two distinct syndromic presentations: Legionnaire’s Disease (the more severe pneumonic form) and a milder illness – Pontiac fever. Legionella bacteria are found naturally in the environment, usually in water. The bacteria grow best in warm water, such as is found in hot tubs, hot water tanks or parts of the air conditioning systems of large buildings.

People can inhale Legionella when they breathe in small droplets of water in air that has been contaminated with the bacteria. The bacteria are not spread from person-to-person.

Legionnaires’ disease can have symptoms like many other forms of pneumonia, so it can be hard to diagnose at first. Signs of the disease can include: a high fever, chills, and a cough. Some people may also suffer from muscle aches and headaches. The symptoms of Pontiac Fever are fever and muscle aches without pneumonia; cases generally recover within 2 to 5 days.

Symptoms of Legionnaire’s disease usually develop within two to ten days, most often within five to six days of exposure to the Legionella bacteria. Symptoms of Pontiac Fever usually develop within five to 66 hours of exposure, most often 24-48 hours.

Several laboratory tests can be used to diagnose Legionellosis. The most common method is through urine testing.

People most at risk of getting sick from Legionella bacteria are older people (usually 65 years of age and older) as well as people who smoke, or those who have a chronic lung disease, such as emphysema. People with weak immune systems, such as individuals with cancer or kidney failure, are also at higher risk.

Most cases can be treated successfully with antibiotics. Healthy people usually recover from the infection. Older people with other significant health problems may require further medical attention.

If you have reason to believe you were exposed to Legionella bacteria, talk to your doctor or call your local public health unit.

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